This paper presents a Microsoft ExcelWorkbook that simplifies the analyses of EPG data and automatically calculates a large number of EPG parameters that characterize insect probing and ingestion behavior.

However, this technique has an important limitation related to the time-consuming analysis of the acquired data, mainly due to the length of the EPG recordings and the complexity of the parameters used to explore insect behavior. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique is a powerful tool for studying feeding behavior of piercesucking insects, because it allows quantification of complex insect–plant interactions occurring inside the plant. Our findings suggest that the 2b protein could indirectly affect aphid-mediated virus transmission. This indicates that while CMV infection or certain viral gene products might elicit aphid resistance, the 2b protein normally counteracts this during a wild-type CMV infection. Using electrical penetration graph methodology we found that higher proportions of aphids showed sustained phloem ingestion on CMV-infected plants than on CMVΔ2b-infected or mock-inoculated plants although this did not increase the rate of growth of individual aphids. We found that infection of tobacco with a 2b gene deletion mutant (CMVΔ2b) induced strong resistance to aphids (Myzus persicae) while CMV infection fostered aphid survival. This suggested that it might affect interactions between infected plants and aphids, insects that transmit CMV. The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein not only inhibits anti-viral RNA silencing but also quenches transcriptional responses of plant genes to jasmonic acid, a key signalling molecule in defence against insects.

Paintbrush for mac reviews virus